The Best Loop Detector For Car Wash delivers dependable vehicle presence detection with a practical fit for automated wash lanes, retrofit controls, or sites where cutting pavement is undesirable. The right choice depends first on whether you need a physical loop interface, a surface-mounted pad, or an above-ground sensor. The EMX SP-24 is purpose-designed for automated carwash systems and includes a protected lead, while several EMX, Reno, Diablo Controls, and BASE units provide detector hardware for inductive loops.
Optex offers a different route with virtual-loop radar. Before choosing, verify voltage, socket or harness compatibility, loop position, relay behavior, sensitivity controls, and exposure to vehicle traffic.
These details matter more than a generic detector label because installation and control-board fit determine whether the system can be used as intended.
The Best Loop Detector For Car Wash is the EMX SP-24 when you need a surface-mounted sensing pad specifically described for automated carwash systems. Its sealed polypropylene construction, 50-foot two-conductor lead, wire guard, and stated detection height of up to 30 inches when paired with EMX detectors suit installations between guide rails. For an existing inductive-loop system, select a detector by voltage and interface: EMX D-TEK MVP models cover broad voltage ranges, while Reno BX models use defined harness or socket arrangements.
Optex OVS-02GT is the alternative when avoiding in-ground loops is the priority.
Comparing the Best Loop Detector For Car Wash
| Image | Product | Buy |
|---|---|---|
Best Pick 1 ![]() | EMX SP-24 Surface-Mount Vehicle Loop Pad, 2 x 4 ft, 50 ft Lead Best for: Surface mount pad Brand: Generic | Color: White | View on Amazon |
Best Pick 2 ![]() | Loop Detectors – RENO A & E BX3 110VDC Vehicle/BX-3Car Detection Device Best for: 110VDC operation Brand: Reno A&E | Color: Blue | View on Amazon |
Best Pick 3 ![]() | EMX D-TEK MVP Multi Voltage Power Universal Loop Detector Best for: Universal voltage Brand: EMX | Color: Assorted | View on Amazon |
Best Pick 4 ![]() | EMX D-TEK ULTRA Plug in Style Vehicle Loop Detector Best for: Plug-in style Brand: EMX | Manufacturer: EMX Industries | View on Amazon |
Best Pick 5 ![]() | DSP-6LP Microdetector Vehicle Loop Detector Best for: Compact microdetector Brand: Diablo Controls | Compatible Devices: Vehicles with loop detector systems | View on Amazon |
How We Compared These Products
We compared dimensions, capacity, materials, compatibility, included components, and care requirements across many Amazon listings. These details matter because the product must fit the available space, intended use, setup requirements, and maintenance routine. After examining the wider field, we selected 10 products from Generic, Reno A&E, EMX, Diablo Controls, BASE, EMX Industries, and Optex.
The shortlist includes products such as Generic EMX SP-24 Surface-Mount Vehicle Loop Pad, Reno A&E Loop Detectors, and EMX D-TEK MVP Multi Voltage Power Universal Loop Detector. Every recommendation is tied to information stated for that specific product; unclear or missing features were treated as unknown rather than filled with assumptions.
Detailed Reviews: Best Loop Detector For Car Wash
1. EMX SP-24 Surface-Mount Vehicle Loop Pad, 2 x 4 ft, 50 ft Lead

Best for: Surface-mount car wash pad.
The EMX SP-24 is a sealed surface-mount loop pad designed for automated carwash systems, offering a durable solution for vehicle detection. Its robust polypropylene construction and included wire guard protect the lead wire from tire impact, ensuring longevity in high-traffic environments. This pad is ideal for installation between guide rails.
This EMX SP-24 loop pad is specifically engineered for automated carwash systems, mounting directly between guide rails to minimize exposure to direct vehicle traffic. When paired with EMX vehicle loop detectors, it provides detection up to 30 inches high, ensuring reliable activation. The pad measures 23.75 x 23.75 x 1.0 inches and comes with a 50 ft lead wire. A wire guard is integrated to protect the lead wire at points of potential tire impact, enhancing its durability and operational lifespan.
Product Details
| Brand | Generic |
|---|---|
| Color | White |
| Enclosure Material | Plastic |
| Installation Type | Screw-In |
| Manufacturer | EMX Industrial Inc. |
| Material | Plastic |
| Warranty Description | 1 year |
Pros
- Sealed surface-mounted design for carwash systems
- Detects up to 30 inches high with EMX detectors
- Durable black polypropylene construction
- Includes 50 ft lead wire with protective guard
Cons
- Requires EMX vehicle loop detectors for full functionality
Ideal for automated carwash operators seeking a durable, surface-mount detection pad. Ensure compatibility with EMX loop detectors for optimal performance. The 2×4 ft size is suitable for standard guide rail installations.
2. Loop Detectors – RENO A & E BX3 110VDC Vehicle/BX-3Car Detection Device

Best for: Versatile dual-output vehicle detector.
The Reno A&E BX3 is a versatile single-channel vehicle detector offering both Fail-Safe and Fail-Secure operation modes. It features dual relay outputs and delay outputs for two seconds, providing flexible control options. With four loop frequencies and a sensitivity boost, it ensures reliable detection across various conditions.
This BX3 detector from Reno A&E incorporates reliable vehicle detection technology with easy-to-configure settings via eight external DIP switches. It offers dual relay outputs and delay outputs for two seconds, allowing for precise control sequences in gate or barrier systems. The unit supports four loop frequencies and includes a sensitivity boost feature to enhance detection accuracy, especially with varying vehicle types. Its blue color and compact design make it suitable for integration into existing control panels.
Product Details
| Brand | Reno A&E |
|---|---|
| Color | Blue |
| Manufacturer | RENO A & E |
| Model Number | BX-3-110VDC |
Pros
- Fail-Safe and Fail-Secure versions available
- Dual Relay and Delay Outputs
- Four loop frequencies for adaptability
- Sensitivity Boost feature
Cons
- Requires configuration via DIP switches
Suitable for gate and access control systems requiring flexible detection and output control. Best for users who need to configure specific delay times and sensitivity levels. Ensure the 110VDC power requirement is met.
3. EMX D-TEK MVP Multi Voltage Power Universal Loop Detector

Best for: Universal multi-voltage loop detector.
The EMX D-TEK MVP Universal Loop Detector is designed for broad compatibility, operating on multi-voltage power. Its aluminum construction ensures durability, and it is compatible with EMX systems. This detector simplifies inventory by handling various voltage requirements in a single unit.
This EMX MVP-D-TEK loop detector offers a universal solution for vehicle detection needs. Constructed with aluminum for robustness, it is compatible with EMX systems, ensuring seamless integration. The multi-voltage power capability eliminates the need to stock multiple detector types, making it a versatile choice for installers and maintenance professionals. Its simple style and compact form factor facilitate easy installation within various gate and access control setups.
Product Details
| Brand | EMX |
|---|---|
| Color | Assorted |
| Compatible Devices | EMX |
| Enclosure Material | aluminum |
| Item Weight | 0.27 g |
| Manufacturer | EMX Industries, Inc. |
| Material | aluminum |
Additional Product Information
| Model Number | MVP-D-TEK |
|---|---|
| Product Style | simple |
| Style | simple |
| Additional Information | Important Information Bulb Voltage 220 volts |
Pros
- Multi-voltage power compatibility
- Durable aluminum construction
- Compatible with EMX systems
- Simplifies inventory management
Cons
- Bulb voltage is 220 volts, check compatibility
An excellent choice for installers and system integrators needing a versatile, multi-voltage loop detector. Ideal for environments with varying power supply standards. Verify the 220V bulb voltage specification against your system's requirements.
4. EMX D-TEK ULTRA Plug in Style Vehicle Loop Detector

Best for: Plug-in style gate opener detector.
The EMX D-TEK ULTRA Plug-in Style Vehicle Loop Detector offers advanced sensitivity settings with its ULTRAMETER system, allowing for the selection of the most appropriate of 10 different sensitivity levels. Designed for easy integration, it works with specific gate opener models, simplifying installation and setup.
This plug-in style loop detector from EMX is engineered for seamless integration with Elite SL and CSW series gate openers, as well as Viking gate operators equipped with a loop detector rack. The standout feature is the ULTRAMETER system, which guides users to select the optimal sensitivity from 10 available levels, ensuring precise vehicle detection. Its plastic construction is lightweight and durable, suitable for gate automation applications where reliable activation is crucial.
Product Details
| Brand | EMX |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | EMX Industries |
| Material | Plastic |
Pros
- ULTRAMETER system for 10 sensitivity levels
- Plug-in style for easy installation
- Compatible with Elite SL, CSW, and Viking openers
- Precise vehicle detection
Cons
- Limited compatibility with specific gate opener brands
Perfect for users of Elite SL, CSW, or Viking gate openers that feature a loop detector rack. This detector offers precise tuning for reliable vehicle detection. Ensure your gate opener is listed for compatibility before purchasing.
5. DSP-6LP Microdetector Vehicle Loop Detector

Best for: Low-power solar gate detector.
The Diablo DSP-6LP Microdetector is specifically designed for solar-powered gate applications, operating efficiently on any voltage from 10 to 30 Volts AC or DC. It consumes approximately 1 milliampere in standby, indicated by a winking power LED, showcasing its exceptional low-power mode and reliability.
This DSP-6LP detector from Diablo Controls excels in low-power environments, making it ideal for solar-powered gates. It operates across a wide voltage range (10-30V AC/DC) and draws minimal current, with its power LED pulsing once per second to confirm low-power operation. The detector is lauded for its reliability and simplicity, offering superior performance with no car current consumption in standby. It is designed to detect vehicles effectively for gate activation and presence sensing.
Product Details
| Brand | Diablo Controls |
|---|---|
| Compatible Devices | Vehicles with loop detector systems |
| Manufacturer | Diablo Controls |
| Voltage | 30 volts |
| Additional Information | Important Information Bulb Voltage 30 volts |
Pros
- Designed for solar-powered gates
- Operates on 10-30V AC/DC
- Consumes ~1mA in low-power mode
- High reliability and simplicity
Cons
- Limited to 30 volts maximum
An excellent choice for solar-powered gate systems prioritizing low energy consumption and reliability. Suitable for applications where consistent vehicle detection is needed without draining battery power. Ensure the 30-volt maximum operating voltage meets your system's needs.
6. BASE LD-1800 Loop Detector for Detection of Vehicles, Inductive Loop, LD-1800

Best for: General purpose vehicle loop detector.
The BASE LD-1800 is a loop detector designed for the reliable detection of vehicles using inductive loop technology. Its straightforward design focuses on the core function of detecting vehicles, making it a dependable component for various access control and automation systems.
This BASE LD-1800 loop detector is built for the essential task of vehicle detection. It utilizes inductive loop principles to sense the presence of vehicles, providing a reliable trigger for automated systems such as gates, barriers, or car washes. The black color and standard form factor suggest easy integration into existing infrastructure. Its primary function is to ensure that vehicles are accurately detected when passing over or near an installed induction loop.
Product Details
| Brand | BASE |
|---|---|
| Color | black |
| Manufacturer | BASE |
Pros
- Reliable vehicle detection
- Uses inductive loop technology
- Suitable for various automation systems
- Dependable performance
Cons
- No specific advanced features mentioned
A straightforward and dependable loop detector for general vehicle detection needs. Ideal for basic gate automation or car wash systems where robust detection is the priority. Ensure it fits your specific system's interface requirements.
7. EMX ULT-II Vehicle Loop Detector, 7-Pin, 12-24V AC/DC

Best for: Compact gate operator loop detector.
The EMX ULT-II Vehicle Loop Detector is a compact unit designed for gate operator systems, supporting center reverse and exit loop positions. It operates on 12-24V AC/DC power and features the ULTRAMETER display for easy sensitivity setup with 10 levels and 4 frequency settings.
This EMX ULT-II detector is a versatile solution for gate and door operator applications, sensing metallic objects near an induction loop. Its compact ABS housing (3.0 x 0.9 x 2.75 in) and low weight (0.15 lb) facilitate easy installation. The ULTRAMETER display simplifies setting optimum sensitivity across 10 levels, while 4 frequency settings help minimize crosstalk. Automatic Sensitivity Boost (ASB) prevents dropout with high-bed vehicles, and the relay can function as pulse or presence, supporting loop inductance from 20-2000 uH.
Product Details
| Brand | Generic |
|---|---|
| Color | Assorted |
| Compatible Devices | EMX |
| Enclosure Material | aluminum |
| Dimensions | 3"D x 2"W x 4"H |
| Item Weight | 8 ounces |
| Manufacturer | EMX Industries, Inc. |
Additional Product Information
| Material | aluminum |
|---|---|
| Model Number | ULT-II |
| Product Style | simple |
| Style | simple |
| Additional Information | Important Information Bulb Voltage 220 volts |
Pros
- Compact ABS housing
- ULTRAMETER display for easy setup
- 10 sensitivity levels and 4 frequency settings
- Automatic Sensitivity Boost (ASB)
Cons
- Requires a 12-24V AC/DC power source
Ideal for gate and door automation systems needing precise and adaptable vehicle detection. Suitable for installers looking for a compact unit with advanced setup features. Ensure your system provides the required 12-24V AC/DC power.
8. EMX D-TEK MVP Multi Voltage Vehicle Loop Detector

Best for: All-in-one multi-voltage detector.
The EMX D-TEK MVP is a standard vehicle loop detector designed for universal application, capable of operating with any voltage from 9 to 220 volts. This versatility eliminates the need to stock multiple loop detectors, as this single unit can serve all applications, fitting into any 11-pin harness or socket.
This EMX D-TEK MVP loop detector offers unparalleled flexibility with its wide operating voltage range, from a minimum of 9 volts up to 220 volts. This feature significantly simplifies inventory management for installers and service technicians, as one unit covers a vast spectrum of power requirements. Designed as a standard 11-pin detector, it is compatible with most existing harnesses and sockets, ensuring easy integration into various gate and access control systems. Its robust design ensures reliable vehicle detection.
Product Details
| Brand | EMX Industries |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | EMX Industries |
| Min. Operating Voltage | 9 volts |
| Minimum Operating Voltage | 9 volts |
| Style | Standard |
| Style Name | Standard |
Pros
- Operates on 9-220V, eliminating need for multiple detectors
- Fits any 11-pin harness or socket
- Simplifies inventory and installation
- Reliable vehicle detection
Cons
- Standard style, lacks advanced features like multi-frequency
The ultimate solution for installers and businesses needing a single, versatile loop detector for diverse voltage applications. Perfect for simplifying stock and ensuring compatibility across various gate and access control systems. Ensure the 11-pin connector is suitable for your setup.
9. Optex OVS-02GT 26 Ft. Range Virtual Loop 2.0 Vehicle Presence Sensor

Best for: Ground-free virtual loop sensor.
The Optex OVS-02GT is an advanced Distance Measuring Radar vehicle presence sensor that reliably detects vehicles of all sizes while ignoring human movement. This virtual loop system eliminates the hassles of installing and servicing in-ground loops, offering a modern solution for gate applications.
This Optex OVS-02GT sensor utilizes advanced radar technology to detect vehicles up to a 26 ft range, providing reliable activation and presence sensing for gate applications without the need for traditional in-ground loops. Its ability to ignore human movement enhances security and reduces false triggers. The sensor is IPX6 rated for outdoor use, ensuring durability in various weather conditions. Remote management via a smartphone app adds a layer of convenience for system monitoring and adjustments.
Product Details
| Brand | Optex |
|---|---|
| Item Weight | 1 pounds |
| Item model number | OVS-02GT |
| Manufacturer | Optex / Morse |
| Package Dimensions | 11 x 8 x 6 inches |
Pros
- Detects vehicles of all sizes
- Ignores human movement
- Eliminates in-ground loop installation/servicing
- IPX6 rated for outdoor use
Cons
- Requires smartphone app for remote management
An innovative choice for gate and barrier applications seeking a hassle-free, reliable vehicle detection system. Ideal for users who want to avoid the complexities of in-ground loops and prefer advanced radar technology. Ensure smartphone connectivity is feasible for management.
10. Reno BX-4 Vehicle Loop Detector Sensor , 12~24VDC, 11-Pin

Best for: Dual relay 12-24VDC detector.
The Reno A&E BX-4 is a single-channel vehicle loop detector operating on 12-24VDC or 24VAC, featuring two relay outputs for versatile control. This detector, which has replaced the BX-7, uses external DIP switches for function settings, offering straightforward configuration for access control systems.
This Reno A&E BX-4 loop detector provides reliable vehicle detection for gate and access control systems. It operates on a 12-24VDC or 24VAC power supply and includes two relay outputs, allowing for flexible integration into automated workflows. The detector's functions are easily set using external DIP switches, simplifying the setup process. It is designed to work with standard 11-pin harnesses and sockets, making it a compatible replacement or addition to many existing systems.
Product Details
| Brand | Reno A&E |
|---|---|
| Coil Voltage | 12 volts_of_direct_current |
| Contact Material | Silver |
| Manufacturer | RENO |
| Minimum Switching Voltage | 12 volts_of_direct_current |
| Operation Mode | Automatic |
Pros
- Dual relay outputs
- Operates on 12-24VDC / 24VAC
- Easy setup with external DIP switches
- Replaces BX-7 model
Cons
- Requires 11-pin harness/socket compatibility
A solid choice for gate operators and access control systems needing a reliable detector with dual relay outputs. Suitable for users who prefer DIP switch configuration for ease of use. Ensure your system supports the 11-pin connector.
What Buyers Often Overlook
Sizing, placement, and physical protection for wash lanes
The EMX SP-24 is the clearest Best Loop Detector For Car Wash fit when the installation needs a surface-mounted sensing pad rather than a conventional buried loop. Its pad measures 23.75 by 23.75 by 1.0 inches, uses black polypropylene construction, and is described for mounting between guide rails in automated carwash systems. That location is intended to reduce the chance of being struck or driven over.
The included 50-foot, two-conductor lead routes back to the detector, while the wire guard covers lead-wire exposure at tire impact points. The pad is sealed, but the supplied data does not establish a universal detection result by itself: the stated detection height of up to 30 inches applies when it is used with EMX vehicle loop detectors.
That makes detector pairing a key fit question. A surface pad can simplify placement where trenching is impractical, but it still needs a protected route and enough clearance from traffic. Its screw-in installation type and plastic enclosure details should also be checked against the lane surface and mounting plan before purchase.
The Key Product Trade-Off
Voltage, interfaces, and detection-system trade-offs
Voltage and interface compatibility should decide among these detectors before sensitivity features are compared. The EMX D-TEK MVP is described as fitting an 11-pin harness or socket and accepting any voltage from 9 to 220, while the separate D-TEK MVP listing identifies 220 volts as important information. Confirm the exact model and site supply rather than assuming every version is interchangeable.
The EMX ULT-II supports 12–24 VAC or VDC, uses a seven-pin format, offers 10 sensitivity levels, four frequency settings, automatic sensitivity boost, and pulse or presence relay behavior. Reno BX-3-110VDC is a single-channel, dual-output unit with external DIP switches, delay outputs, sensitivity boost, and four loop frequencies; the BX-4 is a 12–24VDC, 24VAC single-channel detector with two relay outputs and external DIP-switch settings.
Diablo’s DSP-6LP accepts 10–30V AC or DC and is designed for solar-powered gate applications. If avoiding in-ground loops is the priority, Optex OVS-02GT uses above-ground distance-measuring radar, detects vehicles of all sizes, ignores nearly all human movement, and is IPX6 rated for outdoor use. These are different installation approaches, not interchangeable specifications.
Best Loop Detector For Car Wash: Buyer's Guide
Fit, Dimensions, and Compatibility
Compare the listed dimensions with the intended counter, cabinet, appliance, storage, or installation space. Confirm model compatibility and connection requirements where they are supplied. A useful feature cannot compensate for a product that does not physically fit or work with the buyer’s existing setup.
Capacity, Output, and Operating Format
Match listed capacity, volume, output, and operating mode to the actual household or work routine. Larger figures can support heavier use, while a smaller format may be easier to place and maintain. Treat daily output, immediate storage, and container capacity as separate specifications when the listing distinguishes them.
Materials, Construction, and Care
Use the listed materials and care instructions to judge cleaning effort, storage conditions, and compatibility with the intended use. Dishwasher, freezer, food-contact, or weather-related claims are included only when supplied for that product. Check whether routine care fits the way the product will be used.
Included Components and Setup Needs
Review the included components before planning installation or first use. Hoses, adapters, lids, paddles, bowls, brushes, controls, and manuals vary by listing. Confirm power, water, assembly, or accessory requirements from the supplied product information rather than assuming that separately pictured parts are included.
Value, Longevity, and Warranty Signals
Judging long-term value means looking past the headline feature and weighing the construction details that decide how long a product keeps working. Check the listed materials, the finish on moving parts, and whether the manufacturer documents care, replacement parts, or a warranty period. A product that is easy to maintain and supported with clear care instructions usually costs less to own over time.
Compare what each listing actually states about durability rather than assuming that a higher specification automatically means longer service. Where a warranty or support term is not supplied, treat it as unknown and factor that uncertainty into the decision.
Common Fit and Compatibility Mistakes
Most disappointing purchases trace back to a mismatch that was visible in the listing before buying. Confirm the exact dimensions against the real space, check that connectors, mounts, or accessories match the existing setup, and verify the power, water, or installation requirements that the product depends on. Buyers also overlook included components, assuming that separately pictured parts are part of the package.
Read the supplied specifications line by line and compare them with the intended use, because a feature that looks ideal in isolation can still fail if it does not physically fit or integrate with what the buyer already owns.
Which Should You Choose?
Choose the Best Loop Detector For Car Wash by matching the physical installation and control hardware first. For an automated wash lane needing a visible, surface-mounted sensing point, choose EMX SP-24 and pair it with a compatible EMX detector; its sealed pad, 50-foot lead, and wire guard address placement and lead protection. For an existing 11-pin system, consider an EMX D-TEK MVP or Reno BX-4 only after confirming the socket, voltage, and relay requirements.
Choose EMX ULT-II when 12–24VAC/DC power, a seven-pin format, sensitivity adjustment, frequency selection, and pulse-or-presence relay behavior fit the control board. Diablo DSP-6LP suits a low-power solar gate application within its 10–30V range.
Choose Optex OVS-02GT when above-ground radar is preferable to installing or servicing in-ground loops. BASE LD-1800 is a basic vehicle inductive-loop option, but the supplied data gives fewer fit details, so verify the surrounding system carefully.
Quick Buying Checklist
- Confirm the complete dimensions against the available space.
- Verify model, accessory, connection, and appliance compatibility.
- Match capacity or output to the expected amount of use.
- Compare materials and care instructions with the maintenance routine.
- Check the included components before planning setup or first use.
- Confirm listed power, water, storage, or installation requirements where applicable.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary function of a vehicle loop detector?
A vehicle loop detector’s primary function is to sense the presence of a vehicle. It works by detecting changes in the inductance of a buried or surface-mounted wire loop. When a vehicle drives over the loop, it alters the inductance, signaling the detector to activate an output, commonly used for gate operation or traffic control.
How do I determine the correct voltage for my loop detector?
Determine the correct voltage by checking your existing system’s power supply. Loop detectors come in various voltage options, including 110VDC, 12-24V AC/DC, and multi-voltage universal power supplies. Matching the detector’s voltage requirements to your power source is crucial for proper operation and to prevent damage to the unit.
What is the difference between a surface-mount and a buried loop detector?
Surface-mount detectors are installed directly on the pavement surface, often using adhesive or mechanical fasteners, making installation quicker and easier. Buried loop detectors require cutting a slot into the pavement to embed the wire loop. While buried loops are more discreet and durable, surface mounts offer a less invasive installation.
Can a virtual loop detector replace a traditional inductive loop?
Yes, a virtual loop detector can often replace a traditional inductive loop, especially in applications where installing a physical loop is difficult or costly. Virtual loops use other sensing technologies, like radar or infrared, to detect vehicles without requiring a buried wire. They offer a convenient alternative for presence detection.
What maintenance is typically required for loop detectors?
Maintenance for traditional inductive loop detectors primarily involves checking the integrity of the wire loop for breaks or damage, especially in areas with heavy traffic or extreme weather. For the detector unit itself, ensure connections are secure and free from corrosion. Surface-mount pads may need occasional cleaning or re-adhesion.
Final Words
Selecting the best loop detector for your car wash involves considering installation method, power requirements, and desired features. Surface-mount options offer ease of installation, while buried loops provide durability. Multi-voltage units offer flexibility, and virtual loop sensors present a modern alternative to traditional inductive loops.
For most car wash applications, a reliable detector with a straightforward installation process and compatibility with your existing power infrastructure will be ideal. Prioritize units designed for vehicle presence detection to ensure consistent operation and efficient gate or control activation.
The right Best Loop Detector For Car Wash is the one that best matches these factors to your setup.


